Investigation of criminal and non-criminal solutions to protect and protect the environment

Authors

1 PhD Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran

2 Department of Law, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Assistant Professor, Faculty Member of NAJA Institute of Law Enforcement and Social Studies, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Protecting the environment and its necessity is not hidden from anyone. Now, these protections have different aspects such as criminal or non-criminal protection. Some believe that although criminal law plays a role in protecting the environment; However, since the main problem in this field is the legal regulation of the activities of relatively large production companies, it is the most effective means to achieve accurate criteria for the distribution of pollutants and the application of standards through administrative regulations. Criminal law plays a limited role in this regard, and it also plays a limited role in enforcing administrative regulations. Others believe that criminal law is the most appropriate way to protect the environment; Because these rights are the main means of effective protection of basic social values ​​and are degrading. The findings of this study show that the simultaneous application of criminal solutions with non-criminal solutions and the integration of the principles governing them with each other is the best way to protect and protect the environment; Because each of these cases alone has disadvantages and advantages that can not be achieved without combining them.

Keywords


حسن فرهودی نیا، "اعمال مقدماتی در حقوق کیفری ایران"، علوم جنایی ـ مجموعه مقالات در تجلیل از استاد محمد آشوری (تهران: چاپ اول، انتشارات سمت، پاییز 1383
دبیری، فرهاد، پورهاشم، سید عباس، روستا، فخرالضحی، بررسی اصول و مفاهیم حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست با نگاهی به توسعه پایدار، نشریه علوم وتکنولوژی محیط زیست، دوره یازدهم، شماره 9، 1388
سزار بکاریا، رساله جرائم و مجازاتها، ترجمه­ی محمد علی اردبیلی، تهران، چاپ سوم، نشر میزان، بهار 1377
سیاست جنایی مشارکت عبارت است از: «سیاست جنایی توأم با شرکت وسیع جامعه». کریستین لازرژ، سیاست جنایی، ترجمه­ی علی حسین نجفی ابرندآبادی، تهران، چاپ اول، مؤسسه نشر یلدا، پاییز 1375
قطعنامه شماره 121/ 45 مورخ 1990 مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل.
کیس، الکساندر، سند، پیتر اچ، ایدالنگ، وینفر، حقوق محیط زیست، ترجمه دکتر حسن حبیبی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، چاپ چهارم، 1392
مارک آنسل، دفاع اجتماعی، ترجمه­ی علی حسین نجفی ابرند آبادی، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 1370
محمد علی اردبیلی، حقوق جزای عمومی، نشر میزان، تهران، ج1، 1382
ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻣﻮﻻﻳﻲ، ﻧﺴﻞ ﺳﻮم ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ و ﺣﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ، ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق، ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺣﻘﻮق و ﻋﻠﻮم ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، دوره 37، ﺷﻤﺎره4، 1386.
Boyle, Alen E., and Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection , Clarendon Press, 1998, p.10
C.M.V.Clarkson, 1987, “Understanding Crimainal” ,sweet and ,ax well,london
ICJ Reports of Judgements, Advisory Opinions and Orders, 1996, Vol, 1, Paragraph 29.
John Swaigen & Gail Bunt. “Sentencing in environment”
John Swaigen & Gail Bunt. “Sentencing in environment” Case protection of life. Canada. 1985, p.8.
Nicola pain “ Criminal law and environment protection- Overview of issues themes” 2001 [on line] available: http://www .aic.gov .au /publications / proceedings/26/pain
Olga Doubovik.1994,” Criminal Enforcement role In Environment “ Third International Conference on Environment Enforcement. mexico
Pathak R.S, The Human Rights System as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Law in Weiss, E.B (ed), environmental Change and International Law, United Nations University Press, 1992