جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی منطقه‌ای

جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی منطقه‌ای

سیاست‌ها، راهبردها و برنامه ریزی منطقه ای ایالات‌ متحد آمریکا در غرب آسیا

نوع مقاله : مقاله های برگرفته از رساله و پایان نامه

نویسندگان
بهرام مرادی 1
محمدعلی عبدالله زاده 2
مهدی ذاکریان امیری 3
1 دانشجوی دکترای رشته روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار گروه روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات وعلوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار گروه روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
10.22034/jgeoq.2022.342000.3705
چکیده
چالش‌های امنیتی در غرب آسیا به‌واسطه زوال قابل‌توجه ساختار امنیتی از سال 2003 تعریف می‌شود. تحولات سیاسی و امنیتی که به دنبال یک خلأ سیاسی و امنیتی در کنار تغییر در توازن قدرت در منطقه رخ داد موجب شد قدرت‌های بین‌المللی و بازیگران منطقه‌ای با چالش‌های جدید و تهدیدهای بی‌سابقه در همه سطوح (داخلی، منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی) مواجه شوند. در بسیاری از موارد چالش‌های امنیت توسط قدرت‌های فرا منطقه‌ای حفظ شده است. بزرگ‌ترین و طولانی‌ترین مداخله اخیر در منطقه بی‌شک مداخله آمریکا در عراق بعد از براندازی صدام و جدیدترین آن حضور ائتلاف آمریکایی در سوریه بوده است. در هردوی این موارد رژیم امنیتی تضمین‌کننده امنیت منطقه صورت نگرفت و معمای امنیت پیچیده‌تر هم شد... همچنین رویکرد رئالیستی و نوع نگاه نظامی هم تاکنون پاسخی برای بحران امنیت نتوانسته تهیه کند. بهترین و بارزترین شرح این مسئله را می‌توان به دخالت‌های نظامی در عراق و سوریه دید که نه‌تنها به ثبات بلندمدت منجر نشد، بلکه تنش‌های جدیدی سر باز کرد و عملاً آن‌ها را به کشورهایی چندپاره تبدیل کرد. از طرفی قدرت‌های فرا منطقه‌ای در حوزه مسائل نظامی تلاش داشته‌اند تا بازار تسلیحات خود را در میان طالبان‌همیشگی آن‌ها در منطقه تأمین کنند. در گفتمان واقع‌گرایی، این فرضیه که معضل امنیتی یک دولت با به حداکثر رساندن قدرت نظامی حل خواهد شد، با این مشکل روبه‌رو می‌شود که همه کشورها نمی‌توانند به یک اندازه رشد کنند و اگر امنیت یک کشور به ضرر و هزینه کشور دیگری تأمین شود، نتیجه‌ای جز بحران امنیت نخواهد داشت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
جغرافیای سیاسی
جمهوری اسلامی ایران
ایالات متحده
غرب آسیا
موازنه‌ی قدرت

عنوان مقاله English

Policies, Strategies and Regional Planning of the United States of America in West Asia

نویسندگان English

bahram moradi 1
mohammad ali abdillah zadeh 2
mehdi zakerian amiri 3
1 PhD student in International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Security challenges in West Asia have been defined by the significant deterioration of the security structure since 2003. Political and security developments following a political and security vacuum, along with a shift in the balance of power in the region, h. In many cases, security challenges have been maintained by trans-regional powers. The biggest and longest recent intervention in the Bishkek region has been the US intervention in Iraq since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, and most recently the presence of the US coalition in Syria. In both cases, the security regime did not guarantee the security of the region and the security dilemma became more complicated ... Also, the realistic approach and the military view have not been able to provide an answer to the security crisis. The best and clearest explanation of this can be seen in the military interventions in Iraq and Syria, which not only did not lead to long-term stability, but also opened up new tensions and practically turned them into fragmented countries. On the other hand, supra-regional powers in the field of military affairs have tried to secure their arms market among the Taliban, which has always been in the region. In realist discourse, the hypothesis that a state's security problem will be solved by maximizing military power is faced with the problem that not all countries can grow equally, and if one country's security is provided to the detriment of another, the result is It will have no security except crisis.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Political Geography
Islamic Republic of Iran
United States
West Asia
Balance of Power
“Armenian Fighters Promise to ‘Fight Perpetrators of Genocide.’” 2019. ANF News. https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/armenian-fighters-promise-to-fight-perpetrators-of-genocide-34533.
Bush, George. W. 2003a. “Bush: Syria, Iran Harboring Terrorists.” CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/07/21/bush.terror/.
Carter, J. 2001. “The Carter Doctrine: Third State of the Union Message.” In Speeches of the American Presidents, edited by J. Podell and S. Anzovin. Bronx, NY: The H.W. Wilson Company.
Chopsey, Seth, and Gray Roughead. 2019. “A U.S. Withdrawal Will Cause a Power Struggle in the Middle East.” Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/17/us-withdrawal-power-struggle-middle-east-china-russia-iran/.
Collin, P. H. 1998. Dictionary of Government and Politics. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
Cordesman, Anthony.H. 2018. “US National Strategy in MENA Region.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-national-security-strategy-and-mena-region.
Cordesman, Anthony H., and Nicholas Harrington. 2018. “The Arab Gulf States and Iran: Military Spending, Modernization, and the Shifting Military Balance .” Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2018. https://www.csis.org/analysis/arab-gulf-states-and-iran-military-spending-modernization-and-shifting-military-balance.
COUNTRY REPORTS ON TERRORISM 2009. 2010. United States Department of State Publication Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/141114.pdf.
Crawford, Neta C. 2019. “United States Budgetary Costs and Obligations of Post-9/11 Wars through FY 2020: $6.4 Trillion.” Boston University. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2019/US Budgetary Costs of Wars November 2019.pdf?utm_source=Daily on Defense (2019 TEMPLATE)_11/15/2019&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=WEX_Daily on Defense&rid=84648.
Duz, Zehra Nur. 2020. “US Military Presence in Iraq in Spotlight.” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/us-military-presence-in-iraq-in-spotlight/1696285#.
Fantz, A, and M Pearson. 2015. “Who’s Doing What in the Coalition Battle against ISIS.” CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-coalition-nations/index.html.
Gelvin, J. L. 2005. The Modern Middle East: A History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Laub, Z. 2014. “The Taliban in Afghanistan . Council on Foreign Relations.” Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/taliban-afghanistan/p10551.
LOPEZ, C. TODD. 2019. “Middle East Security Still Critical to U.S.” U.S Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1829813/middle-east-security-still-critical-to-us/.
Macias, Amanda. 2019. “America Has Spent $6.4 Trillion on Wars in the Middle East and Asia since 2001, a New Study Says.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/20/us-spent-6point4-trillion-on-middle-east-wars-since-2001-study.html.
Milbank, D. 2004. “Bush Defends Assertions of Iraq-Al Qaeda Relationship.” Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/06/18/bush-defends-assertions-of-iraq-al-qaeda-relationship/8e601fe8-837e-423b-a38f-5f6bd7f0ac0a/.
 “Military: Exercises-Central Command.” 2013. Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/ex-centcom.htm.
“National Strategy for Combating Terrorism.” 2003. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/60172.pdf.
“Obama, Hagel Mark End of Operation Enduring Freedom.” 2014. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/603860/.
Rashid, A. 2001. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Sarhan, Atallah S. Al. 2017. “United States Foreign Policy and the Middle East.” Open Journal of Political Science 7: 454–72.
“Syria Kurds Adopt Constitution for Autonomous Federal Region.” 2016. The New Arab. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/12/30/syria-kurds-adopt-constitution-for-autonomous-federal-region.
Tadros, Samuel. 2019. “U.S. Middle East Strategy.” Hoover Insttution, no. 1921. https://www.hoover.org/research/us-middle-east-strategy.
“The Arab-Israeli War of 1948.” 2019. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute United States Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war.
“U.S. Relations With Jordan.” 2014. US Department of State. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm.
 “U.S. Relations With Lebanon.” n.d. US Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-lebanon/.
 “U.S. Troops 18 Miles from ISIS Capital.” 2016. Daily Best. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/05/26/u-s-troops-18-miles-from-isis-capital.html.
جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی منطقه‌ای
دوره 12، شماره 48
پاییز 1401
صفحه 906-933